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New Testament language in the Book of Moses
Question: Did Joseph Smith crib language from the New Testament to produce the Book of Moses?
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Introduction to Question
The Book of Moses appears to use many phrases that come uniquely from the New Testament in the Holy Bible. The following occurences of New Testament language and concepts reflected in the Book of Moses were documented by David M. Calabro.[1]
| Phrase | Location in Book of Moses | Location in New Testament |
|---|---|---|
| ”Only Begotten” and “Only Begotten Son” | Moses 1:6, 13, 16, 17, 19, 21, 32, 33; 2:1, 26, 27; 3:18; 4:1, 3, 28, 5:7, 9, 57; 6:52, 57, 59, 62; 7:50, 59, 62 | John 1:14, 18; 3:16, 18; Hebrews 11:17; 1 John 4:9 |
| ”transfigured before” God | Moses 1:11 | Matthew 17:2; Mark 9:2 |
| ”get thee hence, Satan” | Moses 1:16 | Matthew 4:10 |
| the Holy Ghost “beareth record” of the Father and the Son | Moses 1:24; 5:9 | 1 John 5:7 |
| ”by the word of my power” | Moses 1:32, 35; 2:5 | Hebrews 1:3 |
| ”full of grace and truth” | Moses 1:32, 5:7 | John 1:14; cf. John 1:17 |
| ”immortality and eternal life” | Moses 1:39 | Both terms are absent from the Old Testament but are relatively frequent in the New Testament: immortality occurs six times, all in Pauline epistles; eternal life occurs twenty-six times in the Gospels, Pauline epistles, epistles of John, and Jude; “eternal life” also appears elsewhere like in Moses 5:11; 6:59; 7:45. |
| ”them that believe” | Moses 1:42; 4:32 | Mark 16:17; John 1:12; Romans 3:22; 4:11; 1 Corinthians 1:21; 14:22; Galatians 3:22; 2 Thessalonians 1:10; Hebrews 10:39; the contrasting phrase “them that do not believe” also appears (Rom. 15:31; 1 Cor. 10:27; 14:22) |
| ”I am the Beginning and the End” | Moses 2:1 | Revelation 21:6; 22:13 |
| ”Beloved Son” as a title of Christ | Moses 4:2 | Matthew 3:17; 17:5; Mark 1:11; 9:7; Luke 3:22; 9:35; 2 Peter 1:17; the phrase “beloved son” appears elsewhere in the New Testament (Luke 20:13; 1 Cor. 4:17; 2 Tim. 1:2) and in the Greek Septuagint of Gen. 22:2, but it is absent from the Hebrew and KJV Old Testament. |
| ”my Chosen,” as a title of Christ | Moses 4:2; 7:39 | Compare “chosen of God” in reference to Christ in Luke 23:35 and 1 Pet. 2:4 |
| ”thy will be done” | Moses 4:2 | Matthew 6:10; 26:42; Luke 11:2 |
| ”the glory be thine forever” | Moses 4:2 | Compare Matthew 6:13 - “For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever;” note the proximity of this phrase to “thy will be done” both in Moses 4:2 and in the Lord’s prayer in Matthew 6:9–1. |
| ”by the power of mine Only Begotten, I caused that [Satan] should be cast down” | Moses 4:3 | Compare Revelation 12:10 - “Now is come . . . the power of his Christ: for the accuser of our brethren is cast down”; note that the Hebrew title Satan means “accuser” |
| ”the devil” | Moses 4:4 | Sixty-one instances in the New Testament, translating the Greek word diabolos |
| ”carnal, sensual, and devilish” | Moses 5:13; 6:49 | James 3:15 “earthly, sensual, and devilish” |
| ”Satan desireth to have thee | Moses 5:23 | Luke 22:31 “Satan hath desired to have you” |
| Perdition, as the title of a person | Moses 5:24 | Compare “the son of perdition” in John 17:12; 2 Thessalonians 2:3; the word perdition as an abstract noun meaning “destruction” (translating the Greek word apoleia) occurs elsewhere in the King James version of the New Testament (Phillipians 1:28; 1 Timothy 6:9; Hebrews 10:39; 2 Peter 3:7; Revelation 17:8, 11) |
| ”the Gospel” | Moses 5:58, 59, 8:19 | Eighty-three instances in the New Testament; the word gospel, irrespective of the English definite article, occurs 101 times in the New Testament but is not found in the Old Testament. |
| ”holy angels” | Moses 5:58 | Matthew 25:31; Mark 8:38; Luke 9:26; Acts 10:22 (singular “holy angel”); Revelation 14:10 |
| ”gift of the Holy Ghost” | Moses 5:58; 6:52 | Acts 2:38; 10:45 |
| ”anointing” the eyes in order to see | Moses 6:35 – “anoint thine eyes with clay, and wash them, and thou shalt see” | Compare John 9:6–7, 11 (Jesus anoints the eyes of a blind man with clay and commands him to wash in the pool of Siloam, and he “came seeing”); Revelation 3:18 (the Lord tells the church in Laodicea, “anoint thine eyes with eyesalve, that thou mayest see”); these are the only passages in the Bible that refer to anointing the eyes |
| ”no man laid hands on him” | Moses 6:39 | John 7:30, 44; 8:20 |
| ”my God, and your God” | Moses 6:43 | John 20:17 |
| ”only name under heaven whereby salvation shall come” | Moses 6:52 | Acts 4:12 |
| collocation of water, blood, and Spirit | Moses 6:59-60 | 1 John 5:6, 8 |
| ”born again of water and the Spirit”; “born of the Spirit”; “born again”; “born of water and of the Spirit”; “born of the Spirit” | Moses 6:59, 65 | John 3:3, 5-8 |
| ”the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven” | Moses 6:59 | Matthew 13:11. The phrase “kingdom of heaven” is absent from the Old Testament; in the New Testament it is found only in Matthew (thirty-two occurrences), but it is frequent in rabbinic literature |
| ”cleansed by blood, even the blood of mine Only Begotten” | Moses 6:59 | Compare 1 John 1:7 (“the blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin” |
| ”the words of eternal life” | Moses 6:59 | John 6:68 |
| eternal life “in the world to come” | Moses 6:59 | Mark 10:30; Luke 18:30; the phrase “the world to come” is absent from the Old Testament but occurs five times in the New Testament; other than the two just quoted, see Matthew 12:32; Hebrews 2:5; 6:5 |
| ”by the Spirit ye are justified” | Moses 6:60 | Compare 1 Corinthians 6:11; 1 Timothy 3:16 |
| ”the Comforter,” referring to the Holy Ghost | Moses 6:61 | John 14:16, 26; 15:26; 16:7 |
| ”the inner man” | Moses 6:65 | Ephesians 3:16; Romans 7:22; 2 Corinthians 4:16 |
| ”baptized with fire and with the Holy Ghost” | Moses 6:66 | Matthew 3:11; Luke 3:16 |
| ”they were of one heart and one mind” | Moses 7:18 | Compare Acts 4:32 |
| ”in the bosom of the Father,” referring to heaven | Moses 7:24, 47 | John 1:18 (note that JST deletes this phrase in this verse, perhaps implying that it entered the text sometime after its original composition) |
| ”a great chain in his hand” | Moses 7:26 | Revelation 20:1 (here the one holding the chain is an angel, unlike Moses 7:26, in which it is the devil) |
| commandment to “love one another” | Moses 7:33 | John 13:34, 35; 15:12, 17; Romans 12:10; 13:8; 1 Thessalonians 3:12; 4:9; 1 Peter 1:22; 1 John 3:11, 23; 4:7, 11, 12; 2 John 1:5 |
| ”without affection” | Moses 7:33 | Romans 1:31; 2 Timothy 3:3 |
| ”the Lamb is slain from the foundation of the world” | Moses 7:47 | Compare Revelation 13:8 – “the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world,” as a noun phrase); the term “the Lamb” is used as a title of the Messiah only in the New Testament and is distinctively Johannine (John 1:29, 36; twenty-seven instances in Revelation), and the words lamb and slain collocate only in Revelation 5:6, 12; 13:8. |
| ”climb up” by a gate or door, as a metaphor of progression through Christ | Moses 7:53 | John 10:1 |
This article seeks to present some views as to why the Book of Moses reflects a lot of New Testament language and concepts.
Response to Question
”After the Manner of Their Language” – Doctrine & Covenants 1:24
An Early Christian Context for the Creation of the Book of Moses
What I Speak Unto One Nation I Speak Unto Another
A Pre-Christian Context for the Creation of the Book of Moses
Conclusion
Notes
- ↑ David M. Calabro, "An Early Christian Context for the Book of Moses," Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship 47 (2021): 187–91.